
"NASA rovers Spirit and Opportunity may still have big achievements ahead as they approach the fifth anniversaries of their memorable landings on Mars."
"Of the hundreds of engineers and scientists who cheered at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., on Jan. 3, 2004, when Spirit landed safely, and 21 days later when Opportunity followed suit, none predicted the team would still be operating both rovers in 2009."
"'The American taxpayer was told three months for each rover was the prime mission plan,' said Ed Weiler, associate administrator for NASA's Science Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters in Washington. 'The twins have worked almost 20 times that long. That's an extraordinary return of investment in these challenging budgetary times.'"
New Discovery and Data from the Mars Explorer Mission
NASA's Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Mission is an ongoing robotic mission of exploring Mars, that began in 2003 with the sending of two rovers — MER-A Spirit and MER-B Opportunity — to explore the Martian surface and geology. Primary among the mission's scientific objectives is to search for and characterize a wide range of rocks and soils that hold clues to past water activity on Mars. The mission is part of NASA's Mars Exploration Program which includes three previous successful landers: the two Viking landers in 1976 and Pathfinder in 1997. The mission is managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which designed, built and is operating the rovers.
The total cost of building, launching, landing and operating the rovers on the surface for the initial 90 Martian-day primary mission was US$820 million. Since the rovers have continued to function for over five years after landing they have received five mission extensions with the fifth mission extension, which was granted in October 2007, being until the end of 2009. The total cost of the first four mission extensions was $104 million and the fifth mission extension is expected to cost at least $20 million. In July 2007, Martian dust storms blocked sunlight to the rovers and threatened the ability of the craft to gather energy through their solar panels, causing engineers to fear that one or both of them might be permanently disabled. However, the dust storms lifted, allowing them to resume operations.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover
Five rovers have been sent to Mars so far, and two are currently scheduled to be launched:
* Mars 2, November 27, 1971
* Mars 3, December 2, 1971
* Sojourner, Mars Pathfinder, July 4, 1997
* Spirit, Mars Exploration Rover, January 4, 2004
* Opportunity, Mars Exploration Rover, January 25, 2004
* Mars Science Laboratory
* ExoMars
NASA used a new, larger design for the two Mars Exploration Rovers: Spirit launched on June 10, 2003 and Opportunity launched on July 7, 2003. Spirit landed in Gusev crater on January 4, 2004 and Opportunity landed in the Meridiani Planum on the opposite side of Mars from Spirit, on January 25, 2004. So far all Mars Rovers have been small robotic vehicles intended to travel only a few hundred meters. All three NASA rovers have exceeded their planned missions both in distance travelled and operating time.
"Surveying intact bedrock layers with the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars, or CRISM, scientists found carbonate minerals, indicating that Mars had neutral to alkaline water when the minerals formed at these locations more than 3.6 billion years ago. Carbonates, which on Earth include limestone and chalk, dissolve quickly in acid. Therefore, their survival until today on Mars challenges suggestions that an exclusively acidic environment later dominated the planet. Instead, it indicates that different types of watery environments existed. The greater the variety of wet environments, the greater the chances one or more of them may have supported life."
NASA - Scientists Find 'Missing' Mineral and Clues to Mars Mysteries
Spirit, mission designation MER-A (Mars Exploration Rover - A), is the first of the two rovers of NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Mission. It landed successfully on Mars on 04:35 Ground UTC on January 4, 2004, three weeks before its twin Opportunity (MER-B) landed on the other side of the planet. Its name was chosen through a NASA-sponsored student essay competition.
The rover completed its planned 90-sol mission, then, aided by cleaning events which resulted in higher power from its solar panels, went on to function effectively over twenty times longer than NASA planners expected. This allowed it to perform more extensive geological analysis of Martian rocks and planetary surface features. Initial scientific results from the first phase of the mission (roughly, the 90-sol prime mission) were published in a special issue of the journal Science.
On May 1, 2009, Spirit was stuck in soft soil on Mars, one of the mission's embedding events. NASA is carefully analyzing the situation to get the rover back on track, but it will take weeks before a new attempt will be made to extricate the rover from its current position called "Troy".
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_rover
Opportunity, mission designation MER-B (Mars Exploration Rover - B), is the second of the two rovers of NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Mission. It landed successfully at Meridiani Planum on Mars on January 25, 2004 05:05 Ground UTC (circa 13:15 local time), three weeks after its twin Spirit (MER-A) had landed on the other side of the planet. Its name was chosen through a NASA-sponsored student essay competition.
The NASA rover has continued to function effectively over twenty times longer than its planned 90-sol mission, aided by solar cell cleaning events, which allowed it continue performing extensive geological analysis of Martian rocks and planetary surface features.
Mission highlights include completion of the 90-sol mission, discovery of the first meteor on another planet, Heat Shield Rock (Meridiani Planum), and over 2 years studying Victoria crater. The rover narrowly survived dust-storms in 2007, and is now making its way to Endeavour crater.
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